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July 2015: Recent SCOTUS Ruling on the FHA & How It Affects REALTORS®

BY: RAMENEH K. TORRES, ATTORNEY AT LAWCASEY MCINTOSH, PARALEGAL

“Disparate impact” is a phrase sometimes heard but oftentimes not well understood. However, in late June, the Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) brought the issue front and center in narrow ruling that held that disparate-impact claims are cognizable under the federal Fair Housing Act (FHA). The ruling on Texas Department of Housing and Community Affairs v. Inclusive Communities Project, Inc., et al. presents a huge victory for the Court, civil rights groups, and the struggle towards equality in the United States.

Although it may seem implausible, this decision does affect real estate practitioners, and mainly those working as property managers. It is important to pay extra attention to the detail when leasing or selling a home, to ensure that your practices or those of your clients are not adversely harming any specific group of people. With any luck, this will not be a major area of concern for most real estate agents, brokers, and property managers.
What is Disparate Impact?

According to the National Fair Housing Alliance, disparate impact is a doctrine under the FHA that states that any policy, rule or practice could be considered discriminatory if it has a disproportionate adverse impact against any group based on race, national origin, color, religion, sex, familial status, or disability when there is no legitimate, non-discriminatory business need for the policy, rule or practice. The policy, rule or practice (hereinafter “policy”) can appear innocuous enough, but if it has an adverse affect on a protected class (as described above), it can be considered disparate impact. Examples of disparate impact include:

• A minimum height requirement for a specific job: In 1974, the New Bedford police department had a requirement that “police officers” were required to be at least 5’6” tall. This had a disproportionately adverse impact on women, since they failed to meet the height requirement more often than men.
• An education requirement: When hiring laborers, an employer required applicants to have a high school diploma. At the time, this had an adverse impact people of color applying for the job, more so than whites

In a lawsuit, once a policy has been proven to have a disproportionately adverse effect on people of a protected class, the burden shifts to the employer or group instituting that policy to prove that there is a legitimate reason for the policy. If, as seen in the examples above, there is no legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for the policy, it can be considered disparate impact.

Up until the recent SCOTUS ruling, there has been a debate as to whether those filing a disparate-impact claim must prove that the intent of the policy was to discriminate. Civil rights groups have continuously fought the idea that the FHA only prohibits intentional discrimination, while the Supreme Court (as recently as 2011 and 2012) has continuously ruled otherwise, maintaining the precedent that intent must exist.

Texas Department of Housing and Community Affairs v. Inclusive Communities Project, Inc., et al.

In the instant action, the question brought before the Court was whether, under a proper interpretation of the FHA, housing decisions with a disparate impact are prohibited. According to the Court, a disparate-impact case differs from that of a disparate-treatment case in that, in a disparate-treatment case, a plaintiff must establish that the defendant had a discriminatory intent or motive. In a disparate-impact case, “a plaintiff…challenges practices that have a ‘disproportionately adverse effect on minorities’ and are otherwise unjustified by a legitimate rationale.”

In Texas, federal housing credits are distributed by the Texas Department of Housing and Community Affairs (“Department”). Developers can apply for tax credits, and their developments are scored under a point system set forth by the Texas Government Code. Inclusive Communities Project, Inc. (“ICP”) is a Texas-based non-profit that assists low-income families with obtaining affordable housing. In 2008, ICP brought a suit against the Department, alleging that the Department had caused “continued segregated housing patterns by its disproportionate allocation of the tax credits, granting too many credits for housing in predominantly black inner-city areas and too few in predominantly white suburban neighborhoods.”

In its case, ICP relied on two pieces of statistical evidence to prove that a protect class was disproportionately adversely impacted by the Department’s distribution of tax credit.

• “[F]rom 1999-2008, [the Department] approved tax credits for 49.7% of proposed non-elderly units in 0% to 9.9% Caucasian areas, but only approved 37.4% of proposed nonelderly units in 90% to 100% Caucasian areas.”
• “92.29% of [low-income housing tax credit] units in the city of Dallas were located in census tracts with less than 50% Caucasian residents.”

The District Court held that the Department failed to prove that there were no less discriminatory alternatives to this practice, and therefore ruled in favor of ICP. The remedial order of the District Court required new selection criteria for tax credits, but did not contain explicit racial targets or quotas.

While the Department’s appeal was pending, the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) issued a regulation interpreting the FHA to encompass disparate-impact liability. This regulation contains a burden-shifting framework in which:

1. First, the plaintiff has the burden of proving that a challenged practice has or will predictably have a discriminatory effect.
2. Thereafter, the defendant must show “that the challenged practice is necessary to achieve one or more substantial, legitimate, non-discriminatory interests.”
3. Lastly, once the defendant has satisfied its burden, the “plaintiff may ‘prevail upon proving that the substantial, legitimate, nondiscriminatory interests supporting the challenged practice could be served by another practice that has a less discriminatory effect.’

In the Court of Appeals’ review of this case, it took into consideration this HUD regulation, and thereafter reversed and remanded the District Court’s decision, finding it improper to have place the burden on Defendant to prove there were no less discriminatory alternatives for allocating low income housing tax credits. The Department then filed a writ of certiorari with the Supreme Court on the question of whether disparate-impact claims can be brought under the FHA.

Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 aka the Fair Housing Act

The opinion issued in Texas Department of Housing and Community Affairs v. Inclusive Communities Project, Inc., et al. went into detail about the history of Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968, also known as the Fair Housing Act (FHA). SCOTUS found that the history of the FHA, adopted shortly after the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., was important in interpreting the disparate impact claim brought before it.
According to the Court, both §703(a)(2) of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and §4(a)(2) of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) authorize disparate-impact claims. These two statutes preceded the FHA, and determined that “antidiscrimination laws should be construed to encompass disparate-impact claims when their text refers to the consequences of actions and not just to the mindset of actors, and where that interpretation is consistent with statutory purpose.” However, in order to protect employers in such instances where policy could seem to have an adverse effect on protected classes, the person or group bringing the disparate-impact claim must prove that there is “an available alternative … practice that has less disparate impact and serves the [entity’s] legitimate needs.”

With this in mind, the Court looked to the FHA, under which is it “unlawful to ‘refuse to sell or rent … or otherwise make unavailable or deny, a dwelling to a person because of race’ or other protected characteristic … or ‘to discriminate against any person in’ making certain real-estate transactions ‘because of race’ or other protected characteristic…” In accordance the two previously-enacted antidiscrimination statutes described above, it would seem that the language in all three statutes shift the emphasis “from an actor’s intent to the consequences of his actions.” Continuing with this train of thought, the Court opined that “recognition of disparate-impact claims is also consistent with the central purpose of the FHA, which… was enacted to eradicate discriminatory practices within” the nation’s real estate sector. Of course, a disparate impact claim should be looked at by a court with fine-toothed comb. Disparate-impact liability should not be construed so broadly that racial considerations become a part of every housing decision.

SCOTUS’ Decision & its Affect on REALTORS®

In a 5-4 ruling, the Court held that disparate-impact claims are cognizable under the FHA. However, at the same time the Court limited disparate impact liability to those policies that pose “artificial, arbitrary, and unnecessary barriers.” According to the SCOTUS blog, such a qualifier could be the determining factor of the outcome of Texas Department of Housing and Community Affairs v. Inclusive Communities Project, Inc., et al. on remand.

It is important for all real estate professionals to ensure they are not acting in a discriminatory manner. This decision can and does affect real estate practitioners, and mainly those working as property managers. It is important to pay extra attention to the detail when leasing or selling a home, to ensure that your practices or those of your clients are not adversely harming any specific group of people. With any luck, this will not be a major area of concern for most real estate agents, brokers, and property managers. However, if there are any questions regarding a particular practice, or even how to deal with a client who might request something that could adversely affect a protected class, it is best to seek qualified counsel either in the form of an attorney or at your local REALTOR® association.

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June 2015: TRID May Impact Your Real Estate Transactions

TRID May Impact Your Real Estate Transactions

BY: RAMENEH K. TORRES, ATTORNEY AT LAW

The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”) was tasked with integrating the TILA and RESPA to make TRID, which consolidates four existing disclosures into two forms:
Loan Estimate (formerly the initial Truth-in-Lending and Good Faith Estimate)
Closing Disclosure (formerly HUD-1 and Final Truth-in-Lending).

The TRID disclosures are designed to make the loan process more understandable for consumers, and the two disclosures have the same alphabetical breakdown and structure so that the forms can be cross-referenced for ease and simplicity. Furthermore, the forms now look similar to other forms. The main purpose behind the TRID integration is to help consumers shop for the best loan, guard against hikes in charges at closing, and understand future obligations. Communication between REALTORS® and vendors will be more important than ever, and agents will need to talk to loan officers to ensure that clients have smooth transactions.

The Application

Once a loan originator obtains six pieces of information from a
consumer, the application is considered to have been received.
The six pieces of information can be remembered using the
acronym ALIENS:

Address,
Loan amount,
Income,
Estimated value of property,
Borrower’s Name, and,
Social Security Number.

These six pieces of information do not need to be obtained in a
formal manner. They can be sent in an email, text message, or
scrawled on a cocktail napkin. This is important to note because
the lender must send a Loan Estimate within 3 business days of
receiving the application.

Loan Estimate

The Loan Estimate (“LE”) replaces the Good Faith Estimate and the Early Truth-in-Lending. The LE must be delivered, or placed in the mail, by the lender or mortgage broker no later than the third (3rd) business day after receiving the consumer’s application. Ultimately, the actual lender is responsible for the LE, but the Mortgage Broker may provide the LE. Lenders and Mortgage Brokers may not charge any upfront fees for the LE, with the exception of a reasonable fee for a credit report.

The benefits of the Loan Estimate are that there are clearly defined terms and lock status. New features on the LE also include a breakdown of what the interest will be in five years, and the total interest percentage.

There is a seven (7) day mandatory waiting period after receiving the LE before the borrower can consummate the transaction. This waiting period may only be waived if the consumer has a bona fide personal financial emergency that necessitates consummating the transaction prior to the end of the seven-day period. While this will be determined on a case-by-case factual basis, the only examples that have been given by the CFPB of a bona fide personal financial emergency are the imminent sale of the consumer’s home at foreclosure, or imminent bankruptcy.

If the lender makes any mistakes on the LE that are harmful to the lender, the lender cannot change the LE to correct the mistakes. The terms on the LE can only be changed if there are changed circumstances—forgetting something or accidentally using the wrong terms are not considered changed
circumstances, and the lender will be responsible for any difference in the loan amount.

A consumer has ten (10) days to give their intent to proceed upon issuance of the LE. This is being referred to as the 10 day “shopping period,” where consumers have the option to shop lenders while still keeping their options open on any LE issued to them. The CFPB defines “days” as business days. For the LE, a business day considered to be any day in which the creditor is open to the public for carrying out substantially all of its business functions. It will be important for REALTORS® to be aware of the days lenders are open for business, and if certain lenders differ in the days they are open.
If a new LE is needed, (e.g. for a new property), the waiting period starts over. If there is a “changed circumstance” and a LE needs to be revised, the revised LE must be given a minimum of four (4) days before closing. There are several items that cannot increase once locked in on the LE, including: creditor’s or broker’s charges for its own services; charges for services provided by an affiliate; or charges where the consumer is not permitted to shop.

There is a signature line on the LE but the borrower does not have to sign the LE. In fact, even if the borrower does sign the LE it does not mean that they have given their intent to proceed. The intent to proceed can be indicated in any manner; however lenders should get it in writing to be safe. No one can impose a fee, with the exception of a fee for a credit report, on the borrower until the borrower has both: 1) received the LE and 2) given their intent to proceed.

Closing Disclosure

The Closing Disclosure (“CD”) replaces the HUD-1 and the Final Truth-in-Lending. The CD must be given three (3) business days prior to signing, or “consummation,” of the transaction. The transaction is consummated when the consumer becomes contractually obligated to the creditor. Once again, the three-day period may only be waived if there is a bona fide personal financial emergency and there is a written statement by the consumer. For the CD, business days are defined as Monday – Saturday, not including certain specific Federal Holidays.

REALTORS® should be aware of which holidays are excluded so they can stay aware of their timelines in the escrow process, and should also take note of how “business days” are defined differently than they are for the LE.

If there are any changes to the CD the consumer must be given a new CD one (1) day prior to signing. For example, if a builder suddenly allows upgrades that change the purchase price, a new CD will be needed, and an additional one (1) day will be added to the close of escrow. There are limited changes that do require a new three-day waiting period, which are: changes above APR tolerance; change to loan product; and, the addition of prepayment penalty.

The real estate commissions are much more prominently noted  on the new CD than they were on the HUD-1. There is also better tracking of the parties, as the lender, broker, listing agent, sales agent, and mortgage broker each have their license numbers, phone numbers and addresses listed on the CD.

Details that REALTORS® Should Know

• Borrowers will get a “home loan toolkit” on purchase transactions so they know who or where they can go if they have an issue with their lending. Agents can prepare their buyers with a “Buyer Information Packet” available through CFPB.
• Lenders must provide the LE and CD unless the loans are made by persons not considered creditors because they finance five or fewer mortgages per year (aka seller financed).
• All documentation must go directly from the borrower to the lender, for control purposes.
• Agents should give an extra 15 days of leeway on escrow, and be mindful to keep clients informed of the extra time that may be needed as all the kinks of the new process are rolled out.
  • Buyers should not expect to make any changes at closing and Sellers should not do anything that would require changes at closing.
• Prior to receiving an intent to proceed, a lender cannot charge any fees to the borrower, with the exception of a reasonable fee for a credit report.
  • Lenders cannot take a borrower’s credit card number to store for future use or need, cannot take a postdated check, and an agent cannot pay a fee on behalf of a borrower.
• Many lenders will now have an “approved providers” list for the Borrower’s choice of escrow.
  • Lenders have strict standards to uphold, and are ultimately responsible for everything on the CD. The lender cannot sign away this  responsibility.
• A lender cannot require the borrower to submit information, such as the purchase agreement or other documentation, until after the borrower has received the LE.

The biggest area of concern and confusion in the implementation of TRID is regarding borrower pre-approval. Lenders cannot require any information from the borrower, which has many asking how a pre-approval will be done at all. If the information is needed to assess if they can qualify, but they cannot require the information, will any lender be willing to do a pre-approval? If you obtain all six items that are required for an application during the pre-approval period (ALIENS), a LE must be completed.

* * *

TRID applies to most consumer credit transactions secured by real property, excluding home equity lines of credit (HELOCs), reverse mortgages, or mortgages secured by a mobile home not attached to real property. Currently, the new disclosures must be provided by a creditor or mortgage broker that receives an application on or after August 1, 2015. The CFPB has proposed to delay the new TRID rules to start on October 3, 2015, and that date change is awaiting public comment before it can be finalized. If the implementation is August 1, or October 3, the deadlines and requirements will not change.

May 2015: California Association of REALTORS® Releases New & Revised Forms

BY: EDWARD J. ZORN, ATTORNEY AT LAWCASEY MCINTOSH, PARALEGAL

The California Association of REALTORS® released four (4) new and six (6) revised forms on April 27, 2015.

New Forms
Buyer Amendment to Escrow Instructions (BAEI) | Seller Amendment to Escrow Instructions (SAEI)
The BAEI and SAEI were created by C.A.R. following the changes to the Residential Purchase Agreement that were implemented late last year. According to C.A.R., these two new forms satisfy the requirement of the “Department of Business Oversight, [a] government body with regulatory authority over independent escrow holders.” The SAEI and BAEI allow independent escrow holders to release a deposit in the absence of signed mutual instructions. The forms state,

“If either Party fails to execute mutual instructions to cancel, one Party may make a written demand to Escrow Holder for the deposit (C.A.R. Form BDRD or SDRD). Escrow Holder, upon receipt, shall promptly deliver notice of the demand to the other Party. If, within 10 Days After Escrow Holder’s notice, the other Party does not object to the demand, Escrow Holder shall disburse the deposit to the Party making the demand. If Escrow Holder complies with the preceding process, each Party shall be deemed to have released Escrow Holder from any and all claims or liability related to the disbursal of the deposit.”

Ultimately, these forms will allow escrow to release a deposit following the cancellation of the escrow instructions as set forth in the RPA.

Independent Contractor Agreement with Binding Arbitration Option (ICA-BA)
This agreement between broker and associate-licensee includes a binding arbitration clause, to be enacted in the event that the broker and associate-licensee cannot resolve any disputes that may arise through mediation. According to the form,

“Such claims would include, without limitation, any concerning the initiation of the work relationship, the pay or other compensation for the work performed, breach of contract, expenses, any claims by Broker or Associate-Licensee for violations of applicable law or regulations, the decision by Broker or Associate-Licensee to end the assignment, any claims for conversion and/or breach of fiduciary duty, as well as any claims that arise from or relate to Broker’s classification of Associate-Licensee as an independent contractor rather than an employee.”

The broker will be responsible for all costs of the arbitration, which will be conducted through JAMS at an office closest to the county of the broker’s office with which the associate-licensee was associated. However, each party shall pay their own attorneys’ fees and costs.

Independent Contractor Agreement with Mediation (ICA-NA)
This agreement between broker and associate-licensee contains a clause that makes mediation the mandatory first step to resolve disputes. Unlike the ICA-BA, described above, if disputes are not resolved through mediation, the broker and associate-licensee may submit the matter to binding arbitration, but it is not required.

Revised Forms
C.A.R. also made minor modifications to the below forms, “such as updates to code references and changing reference to BRE to CalBRE, to satisfy CalBRE requirements”

• Options and Upgrades Addendum to New Construction Residential Purchase Agreement (NCA)
• New Construction Property Disclosure Statement (NCDS)
• Common Interest Subdivision Supplemental Escrow Instructions (NCEI)
• New Construction Notice of Completion and Notice to Close Escrow (NCNC)
• New Construction Residential Purchase Agreement and Joint Escrow Instructions (NCPA)
• New Construction Addendum to RPA-CA (NCRPA)

Silent Revisions to the Residential Purchase Agreement
According to C.A.R., there will also be numerous “silent revisions” to the Residential Purchase Agreement, including:

• Paragraph 1B (Property Identification) is being reformatted to eliminate duplicate language.
• Language is being added to Paragraph 3C (All Cash Offer) to make explicit that the sale is not contingent upon buyer obtaining a loan.
• Paragraph 7D(6) (Allocation of Costs—Other Costs) is being revised to indicate the buyer has the responsibility to pay for any requested HOA Certification fees.
• Language in paragraph 10A(4) (Statutory and Other Disclosures) is being modified to clarify that if the seller will not be providing a Transfer Disclosure Statement (TDS) or a Seller Property Questionnaire (SPQ), then the seller is obligated to provide a Supplemental Contractual and Statutory Disclosure (SSD).
• Paragraph 14C (Time Periods; Removal of Contingencies; Cancellation Rights—Seller Right to Cancel) will be modified to clarify that if the buyer does not assume or accept leased items, the seller may give the buyer a Notice to Buyer to Perform (NBP).
• The Exclusion from Mediation and Arbitration Paragraph (22C) is being modified to specifically mention that filing a lawsuit to preserve a statute of limitation is allowed without violating the mediation or arbitration requirement.
• Language is being added to the bottom of page 10 to specifically allow the buyer to acknowledge that the last page is part of the agreement.

As usual, should you have any questions regarding new, revised, or even old forms, contact your local REALTOR® association or qualified legal counsel.

May 2015 Newsletter_New Forms

April 2015: Commission Sharing Agreements Between Agents

This months Newsletter focuses on commission sharing agreements between agents. To read the full article, please click here.

February 2015: Overheard at the C.A.R. Winter Business Meetings

Last month, the team at The Giardinelli Law Group had the privilege of attending the California Association of REALTORS® Winter Business Meetings in Indian Wells. This month’s Courtside Newsletter will highlight some of the information gathered at that event.
Click here to download the article.

California Bureau of Real Estate Forum

Real Estate Fraud:

• CalBRE is currently seeing 7 kinds of fraud:
  1. Advance Fee Scams (still)
  2. Unlicensed Pre-Rental Scams
  3. Online Rental Fraud-hijacking from rental listings (taking up-front money for deposits)
  4. Unlicensed Real Property Management (without broker’s involvement or knowledge)
  5. Timeshare Advance Fee Scams
  6. Self-Dealing with Property Management Funds & Other
     • Seeing shortages, conversions and trust fund co-mingling
  7. Deep Fraud (stealing properties, putting liens on properties-usually on second homes)
• CalBRE is also seeing a lot of scammers using real estate agents’ license numbers and names
  • What an Agent Can do to Prevent This:
    • Monitor on-line profiles
    • If an agent sees something that is not theirs, the agent should contact the police, contact his/her internet provider to remove, as well as contact the FTC and the FBI.

Audits:

• 5 Types of CalBRE Audits:
  • Investigative – New (55%)
  • Investigative – Follow up
  • Investigative – Other
  • Routine (45% )
  • Routine – Follow up
• The Audit Areas:
  • Property Management (75%)
  • Mortgage Loans (11%)
  • Broker Owned Escrows (5%)
  • Other (9%)
• Greatest Areas for Audits:
  • Private Money/Hard Money
  • Property Management
  • Broker Owned Escrow
• Findings of Audits:
  • Major Violations (Accusations) (33%)
  • Corrective Action Letter (31%)
  • Cite & Fine (2%)
  • No Violations (16%)
  • Minor Violations (19%)
    • 45% of Audits find Trust Fund Violations
    • $6.5 million in shortages in 2014

Broker Supervision:

• Considerations Auditors Look For:
  • Does Broker have a Policies and Procedures Manual?
    • P&P Manual depends on size of brokerage
  • Is the Broker Monitoring Compliance of its Policies and Procedures?
  • Does the Broker have Training Program for Salespersons?
  • Are the Client Files Secure?
    • Broker and Agents must protect private information
    • Civil Code § 1798.84-outlines the proper way to dispose of records (shredding, modifying, erasing)
      • How records are disposed is becoming a growing problem
  • Does the Broker have a Trust Account and Does it Reconcile?

Professional Standards

Potential New Code of Ethics Training Requirements:

• It was reported that the National Association of REALTORS® Presidential Committee has recommended changing the four-year requirement for Code of Ethics training for every REALTOR® to training every two years.
  • The goal would be to start the program in 2016 in an effort to enhance professionalism.

REALTOR® Code of Excellence:

• The Presidential Committee is also considering the implementation of a REALTOR® Code of Excellence, which would develop a set of goals for high-end REALTORS® to target.
  • It would be different than the Code of Ethics since it would be voluntary compliance only.

Changes to the ethics complaint process:

• Shorter time frames
• Development of a written policy where the Association of REALTORS® (AORs) can adopt more aggressive time frames
• Improvement of the processes under which continuances are granted.
• Upgrade of the remote testimony policies

NAR Code of Ethics Core Standards.

• Effective 2016, AORs will track compliance.
• After being found in violation of a publishable offense (reprimands, fines, suspension, and expulsion) the disciplined member must provide a photo to C.A.R. and the local Association within 10 calendar days from when the local association’s Board of Directors adopts the discipline recommendation.
  • Failure to provide the photo and authorization within 10 days will result in suspension of membership until the photo and authorization are provided.
  • All AORs in California must submit the photos and discipline for publication by C.A.R. or face sanctions in the C.A.R. bylaws.

Member Legal Services

New California Laws

• Record Retention (Effective 1/1/15): Brokers and agents do not need to keep texts, tweets, etc. Correspondence and emails must be kept for three years, including those related to negotiations.
• Team Names and Fictitious Business Names (Effective 1/1/15): It is okay to market as a team; the team must be at least two members. The marketing must include word “team” and no reference to the word “broker.” It must also include the surname of one of the agents, plus the BRE number, and name of the brokerage. The team must file a FBN with the County, which salespersons can obtain with written permission of broker (BRE Form 247).
• Homeowners Associations and Delivery of Documents (Effective 1/1/15): There are now two separate forms—mandatory vs. non-mandatory reports, which indicate how much is being charged for mandatory reports and must give estimates. The seller can’t charge the buyer for cost of mandatory reports. Per paragraph 10F of the Residential Purchase Agreement, the seller may put money into escrow to pay HOA costs or have seller pay directly to HOA. The seller can notify the HOA what they already have, and therefore cannot get charged.
• Email addresses collection by CalBRE: AB 2540, Business and Professional Code Sections 10150, 10151, 10162 and 10165; effective 1/1/15: CalBRE now requires email address from licensees.
• Electronic Communications (Effective 1/1/15): A landlord and/or tenant may use electronic communications for the security deposit, inspection requests, and to sign leases. However, they cannot electronically sign a notice of how much is taken out from a security deposit. This notice must still be mailed or personally delivered.
• Anti-Bullying Training (Effective 1/1/15): Companies with 50+ employees must have training every two years consisting of a two hour class. The class will include sexual harassment and anti-bullying training. Agents are considered as employees for anti-bullying purposes.
• FHA Anti-Flipping Rule: Unless the property is a government REO or disaster, you must own a house for at least 90 days before reselling (aka flipping) it to a new buyer at a higher price using FHA financing.
• Eminent Domain: FHA cannot participate in mortgages that are obtained via eminent domain.
• FHA Signatures: Lenders can accept e-signatures except on promissory notes.

Forms Update

February 2015 Forms Release

• Independent Contractor Agreement
  • New dispute resolution paragraph—initially this was only required by the agent. Parties must attempt to resolve disputes through mediation. In a commission dispute, if both parties agree, they will use an Association program. If they do not agree, they will use binding arbitration through JAMS and the broker will pay all costs for the arbitration. Indemnity disputes do not fall into this category. Furthermore, if there is a class action waiver, agents can be required to sign a new agreement.